Riassunto Takeda annuncia che il tasso di sopravvivenza globale di cinque anni con ADCETRIS® (brentuximab vedotin) dimostra remissioni durature del linfoma di Hodgkin recidivante o refrattario

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Diabetic Gastroparesis - Pipeline Review, H2 2015

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Pfizer’s Phase 2 Study Demonstrates Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of TRUMENBA® When Coadministered with Meningococcal A, C, Y and W-135 Polysaccharide Conjugate (MCV4) and Tetanus, Diphtheria and Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccines in Adolescents

NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Pfizer Inc. About Claritin (Loratadine) without Rx (NYSE:PFE) announced today that researchers presented for the first time data from a randomized, controlled Phase 2 study of its meningococcal serogroup B vaccine, TRUMENBA®, coadministered with routine meningococcal (groups A, C, Y and W) (MCV4) and tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (Tdap) vaccines in adolescents. About Suprax (Cefixime) with no Rx The data, which were released today in an oral presentation at IDWeek 2015TM in San Diego, are based on a study conducted in more than 2,600 healthy individuals 10 through 12 years of age that evaluated the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of TRUMENBA when coadministered with MCV4 and Tdap. Azulfidine (Sulfasalazine) with free prescription Data demonstrated that immune responses following TRUMENBA, MCV4 and Tdap vaccines given concomitantly were noninferior to immune responses to MCV4 and Tdap alone or TRUMENBA alone. “These Phase 2 data, which are part of a substantial global clinical development program for TRUMENBA, demonstrated that two important routine adolescent vaccines can be coadministrated with TRUMENBA,” said Kathrin Jansen, Ph.D., senior vice president of Vaccine Research and Development at Pfizer Inc. Buy Glimepiride without Rx “In particular, the convenience associated with coadministration of these recommended vaccines – including allowing for vaccination against five of the most common meningococcal serogroups – is an important factor in helping to protect as many adolescents and young adults as possible from vaccine-preventable diseases.” Pfizer s TRUMENBA (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine) is FDA-approved for active immunization to prevent invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B in individuals 10 through 25 years of age. Individuals participating in the study were assigned to one of three groups. About Epivir Hbv (Lamivudine) with free prescription Group 1 received TRUMENBA coadministered with MCV4 and Tdap vaccines; Group 2 received MCV4 and Tdap vaccines only; and Group 3 received TRUMENBA only. Buy Eye Relief online TRUMENBA immunogenicity was assessed by serum bactericidal assay using human complement (hSBA) with 2 meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) test strains expressing vaccine-heterologous factor H binding protein (fHBP) variants. http://asthmareview.wordpress.com The immunogenicity of MCV4 and Tdap antigens was assessed utilizing multiplexed Luminex assays and/or serum bactericidal assay using rabbit complement (rSBA). Immune responses following TRUMENBA, MCV4 and Tdap vaccines given concomitantly were noninferior to immune responses to MCV4 and Tdap alone or TRUMENBA alone. Participants in the concomitant control group had hSBA responses to the 2 MenB test strains of 62.3 to 68 percent and 87.5 to 90 percent after 2 and 3 TRUMENBA doses, respectively. The administration of TRUMENBA alone induced similar responses. Coadministration of TRUMENBA, MCV4 and Tdap did not significantly increase local reactions or systemic events compared to TRUMENBA alone. About the Phase 2 Study Design Vaccine safety, tolerability and immunogenicity were evaluated in this Phase 2, randomized, controlled, observer-blinded study of TRUMENBA® in the United States. The study included more than 2,600 healthy individuals 10 through 12 years of age. Group 1 received TRUMENBA coadministered with MCV4 and Tdap vaccines; Group 2 received MCV4 and Tdap vaccines only; and Group 3 received TRUMENBA only. Co-primary objectives included: Demonstration that the immune response induced by MCV4 and Tdap vaccines given with TRUMENBA was noninferior to the immune response induced by MCV4 and Tdap vaccines alone when measured one month after the first vaccination; and Demonstration that the immune response induced by TRUMENBA given with MCV4 and Tdap vaccines was noninferior to the immune response induced by TRUMENBA alone, when measured one month after the third vaccination with TRUMENBA. U.S. Indication for TRUMENBA® (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine) TRUMENBA® (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine) is indicated for active immunization to prevent invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B in individuals 10 through 25 years of age. Approval of TRUMENBA is based on the demonstration of immune response, as measured by serum bactericidal activity against four serogroup B strains representative of prevalent strains in the United States. The effectiveness of TRUMENBA against diverse serogroup B strains has not been confirmed. Important Safety Information TRUMENBA® should not be given to anyone with a history of a severe allergic reaction after a previous dose of TRUMENBA. Individuals with weakened immune systems may have a reduced immune response. The most common adverse reactions were pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, and chills. Data are not available on the safety and effectiveness of using TRUMENBA and other meningococcal group B vaccines interchangeably to complete the vaccination series. Tell your healthcare provider if you are pregnant, or plan to become pregnant. Ask your healthcare provider about the risks and benefits of TRUMENBA. Only a healthcare provider can decide if TRUMENBA is right for you or your child. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of vaccines to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Visit .vaers.hhs.gov or call 1-800-822-7967. For the full prescribing information for TRUMENBA, please visit .trumenba.com. About TRUMENBA® (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine) TRUMENBA® is a sterile suspension composed of two recombinant lipidated factor H binding protein (fHBP) variants from N. meningitidis serogroup B, one from fHBP subfamily A and one from subfamily B (A05 and B01, respectively). fHBP is one of many proteins found on the surface of meningococci and contributes to the ability of the bacterium to avoid host defenses. fHBPs can be categorized into two immunologically distinct subfamilies, A and B. The susceptibility of serogroup B meningococci to complement-mediated, antibody-dependent killing following vaccination with TRUMENBA is dependent on both the antigenic similarity of the bacterial and vaccine fHBPs, as well as the amount of fHBP expressed on the surface of the invading meningococci.1 As with any vaccine, TRUMENBA may not prevent disease in all vaccinated individuals. The frequency of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B varies geographically, and could influence the ability to evaluate effectiveness of the vaccine in any given country. Based on the low incidence of meningococcal disease, placebo-controlled clinical trials for TRUMENBA were considered unfeasible due to the size of the study that would be required and were not performed. Licensure of TRUMENBA was based on demonstration of immune responses measured using a serum bactericidal assay with human complement (hSBA). In 2014, TRUMENBA was reviewed and received accelerated approval under the FDA s Breakthrough Therapy designation and Priority Review programs. About Serogroup B Meningococcal Disease The majority of invasive meningococcal disease cases worldwide can be attributed to five Neisseria meningitidis serogroups (A, B, C, W and Y).2 Meningococcal serogroup B disease affects all age groups in the U.S., but incidence is highest among infants younger than one year, adolescents and young adults.3 In 2013, approximately 500 cases of meningococcal disease occurred in the United States, more than 30 percent of which were caused by serogroup B.4 Serogroup B meningococcal disease may result in life-altering, significant long-term and permanent medical disabilities.5,6,7 Despite the availability of antibiotic treatment, 12.5 percent of patients with meningococcal serogroup B disease die and many of those who survive are afflicted with long-term disabilities, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities or limb amputations.8,9 Pfizer Inc.: Working together for a healthier world™ At Pfizer, we apply science and our global resources to bring therapies to people that extend and significantly improve their lives. We strive to set the standard for quality, safety and value in the discovery, development and manufacture of health care products. Our global portfolio includes medicines and vaccines as well as many of the world s best-known consumer health care products. Every day, Pfizer colleagues work across developed and emerging markets to advance wellness, prevention, treatments and cures that challenge the most feared diseases of our time. Consistent with our responsibility as one of the world s premier innovative biopharmaceutical companies, we collaborate with health care providers, governments and local communities to support and expand access to reliable, affordable health care around the world. For more than 150 years, Pfizer has worked to make a difference for all who rely on us. To learn more, please visit us at .pfizer.com. DISCLOSURE NOTICE: The information contained in this release is as of October 9, 2015. Pfizer assumes no obligation to update forward-looking statements contained in this release as the result of new information or future events or developments. This release contains forward-looking information about TRUMENBA® (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine), including its potential benefits, that involves substantial risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. Risks and uncertainties include, among other things, uncertainties regarding the commercial impact of the recommendation of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices regarding TRUMENBA; uncertainties regarding the commercial success of TRUMENBA; the uncertainties inherent in research and development, including the ability to meet anticipated clinical trial completion dates and regulatory submission dates, as well as the possibility of unfavorable clinical trial results; whether and when any biologics license applications may be filed in any jurisdictions other than the United States for TRUMENBA; whether and when any such other applications may be approved by regulatory authorities, which will depend on the assessment by such regulatory authorities of the benefit-risk profile suggested by the totality of the immunogenicity and safety information submitted; decisions by regulatory authorities regarding labeling and other matters that could affect the availability or commercial potential of TRUMENBA; and competitive developments. A further description of risks and uncertainties can be found in Pfizer’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 and in its subsequent reports on Form 10-Q, including in the sections thereof captioned “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Information and Factors That May Affect Future Results,” as well as in its subsequent reports on Form 8-K, all of which are filed with the SEC and available at .sec.gov and .pfizer.com. 1 TRUMENBA® (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine) Prescribing Information. Philadelphia, PA: Pfizer, Inc. 2015. 2 Pinto VB, Burden R, Wagner A, Moran EE, Lee C. The Development of an Experimental Multiple Serogroups Vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(11): 1-10. 3 Cohn A, MacNeil JR, Harrison LH, et al. Changes in Neisseria meningitidis disease epidemiology in the United States, 1998-2007: implications for prevention of meningococcal disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50: 184-191. 4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Report: emerging infections program network, Neisseria meningitidis, 2013. .cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/mening13.pdf. Accessed September 14, 2015. 5 Sabatini C, Bosis S, Semino M, Senatore L, Principi N, Esposito S. Clinical Presentation of Meningococcal Disease in Childhood. J Prev Med Hyg. 2012; 53: 116-119. 6 Brigham KS, Sandora TJ. Neisseria meningitidis: epidemiology, treatment and prevention in adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009; 21: 437-443. 7 Borg J, Christie D, Coen PG, Pooy R, Viner RM. Outcomes of Meningococcal Disease in Adolescence: prospective, matched-cohort study. Pediatrics. 2009; 123: e502-e509. 8 MacNeil J. Epidemiology of Serogroup B Meningococcal Disease, United States. Presented at the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 30, 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: .cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2014-10/mening-02-MacNeil.pdf. Accessed September 14, 2015. 9 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preteens, Teens Need Meningococcal Vaccine. .cdc.gov/features/meningococcal/. Last updated April 30, 2015. Accessed September 14, 2015.

Reed Group to Launch Drug Formulary Based on ACOEM Practice Guidelines

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SmartZyme to Present at Ladenburg Thalmann 2015 Healthcare Conference

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Arrowhead Nominates ARC-HIF2 As First RNAi Therapeutic Candidate Using Extrahepatic DPC™ Delivery System

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Global Rectal Cancer Pipeline Report 2015

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Plasminogen Activator Inhibitors-1 (PAI-1) Pipeline Insights Review 2015

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Global Community-Acquired Infections Pipeline Insights Study 2015

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2015 Study for the Bladder Cancer Treatment Drugs Markets in China

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Global Memory Impairment Pipeline Insights Report 2015

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Recovering female stroke victims may benefit from uric acid

A new study has discovered 42% of female stroke patients treated with uric acid had little to no disability compared with 29% treated with a placebo. A blood clot forming in the carotid artery. About Detrol (Tolterodine) with no Rx Image credit: American Heart Association A stroke is a life-changing event, impacting on an individual s psychological and physical well-being. Risperdal (Risperidone) without prescription Rehabilitation for recovering stroke victims is a crucial step for which many recovering patients struggle. Buy Meclizine (Meclizine Hydrochloride) In the study - published in the journal, Stroke, for the American Heart Association (AHA) - Angel Chamorro, PhD, lead author and director of Barcelona s Comprehensive Stroke Center, Hospital Clinic Chamorro, Spain, sheds further light on what is the most effective treatment. Dr. Buy Dacarbazine with free prescription Chamorro and her colleagues re-analyzed 2014 data based on URIC-ICTUS, a randomized double-blind trial of patients admitted to stroke centers in Spain. About Allopurinol () with free Rx The participants in the study were 206 women and 205 men who were all were given treatment to remove clots. Buy Quercetin online Half of each gender group were randomly given either 1,000 mg of uric acid therapy or a placebo administered through intravenous infusion. At the time, the results of the study interpreted the addition of uric acid therapy to neither increase the well-being of recovering stroke patients or lead to any safety concerns. However, upon re-analyzing the data, researchers found 42% of women treated with uric acid reported less disability 3 months after a stroke compared with 29% of women treated with a placebo. http://md-opinion.blogspot.com In addition, women had less dead tissue resulting from a lack of blood supply after receiving uric acid, but among men, there was essentially no difference between the uric acid treatment and the placebo. Protect tissue from free radicals In an ischemic stroke, the most common form of stroke, a clot lodges in an artery supplying oxygen to the brain. Once doctors remove the clot, oxygen is free to re-enter the brain but it also releases harmful monocles, known as free radicals, which can damage surrounding tissue. Although high levels of uric acid can lead to health problems such as kidney stones and gout, results show it can be used to counteract the dangers of free radicals. According to Dr. Chamorro, women fared better because they traditionally possess less uric acid in their bodies. In the study, women were, on average, 7 years older than men and they were more likely to have an irregular heartbeat, high pressure and other conditions. Dr. Chamorro believes results of uric acid therapy would be even more impressive when tested on young and healthier stroke victims. The findings echo a study last year that discovered uric acid to be a major intracellular antioxidant. Last year, the AHA reported 795,000 Americans suffer from a new or recurrent stroke every year. About 55,000 more women suffer strokes than men in the US, with 60% of stroke deaths occurring in women. In response, guidelines for the prevention of stroke in women were created for the first time. Written by Peter Lam

Graphene coating on catheters may improve chemo effectiveness

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses powerful chemicals to destroy cancer cells. Cosopt (Dorzelamidel + Timolol Maleate) It is usually delivered directly into the patient s veins using a catheter. About Skelaxin (Metaxalone Mr) with no Rx To prevent bacterial infection, the catheter, and the equipment it is attached to, is usually coated with silver. The researchers used X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to look at how chemotherapy drugs react with silver.Image credit: Per Henning/NTNU Now, a study led by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, shows that the antibacterial silver coating used on catheters degrades some chemotherapy drugs and that this could potentially reduce their effectiveness. The researchers report their findings in the journal 2D Materials. Senior author Justin Wells, an associate professor of physics at NTNU, says: "We wanted to find potential problem sources in the tubes used in intravenous catheters. Buy Arjuna () without Rx An interaction between the coating and the drugs was one possibility. About Cyclophil with free prescription Chemotherapy drugs are active substances, so it isn t hard to imagine that the medicine could react with the silver." Silver decomposes chemo drugs For their investigation, Prof. About Aristocort (Triamcinolone) without prescription Wells and colleagues focused on 5-Fluorouracil (5FU), one of the most commonly used chemotherapy drugs. Buy Pre Workout online For instance, 5FU is used to treat cancers of the head and neck, bowel, breast, stomach, ovaries and esopaghus. The researchers used X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) to look at how the drug reacts with the type of silver used to coat catheters and other medical devices. Prof. http://mdreview.wordpress.com Wells explains that as far as they know, reactions between chemotherapy drugs and the substances they come into contact with have never been studied like this before. The assumption is they always enter the body fully intact. The XPS machine he and his colleagues used is located at the synchrotron lab MAX IV at Lund University in Sweden. There, they demonstrated that the antibacterial silver coating catalytically decomposes 5FU. In their paper, the researchers note that not only does the reaction impair the effectiveness of the chemotherapy drug, but it also releases hydrogen fluoride, a gas that could potentially harm the patient and damage the medical equipment. The team then switched their attention to graphene - a nanomaterial made of extremely thin flakes of carbon that are only one atom thick. Again, they used the XPS machine to look at how the material reacted with 5FU. Graphene might be a more suitable material for coating catheters They decided to investigate graphene because they expected it to be chemically inert. They also note that while it has been suggested as a coating for medical equipment, its potential use as a coating material in chemotherapy drug delivery systems "appears to have been entirely overlooked." Prof. Wells explains: "Graphene is a nonreactive substance, and is sometimes referred to as a magical material that can solve any problem. So we thought that it might be a good combination with the chemotherapy drugs." Their hunch proved to be correct - 5FU did not react with the graphene. The team believes it should be possible to coat catheters and similar medical devices with very thin layers of graphene. Prof. Wells concludes that they hope their work will help make cancer treatment more effective. The team would now like to study the reactions of chemotherapy drugs to other substances and coatings used on medical devices. In February 2015, Medical News Today learned that graphene may itself have anticancer potential. Writing in the journal Oncotarget, a team from the University of Manchester in the UK describes how graphene oxide can selectively target cancer stem cells and disrupt signals on their membranes. Written by Catharine Paddock PhD

Smoking and preterm birth combine to triple risk of maternal CVD

A combination of smoking and giving birth preterm can more than triple the risk of cardiovascular disease faced by mothers, according to the findings of a new study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. The study authors wanted to find out whether the coexistence of smoking and preterm birth would combine to result in further increases in maternal cardiovascular disease risk. The authors also found that the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increased for mothers in a dose-response relationship with how many and how severe the preterm births were. "Our research shows for the first time that smoking and preterm birth interact to create a greater CVD risk than either risk factor on its own," says lead author Dr. Aventyl (Nortriptyline) with no prescription Anh D. Buy Viagra Oral Jelly (Sildenafil Citrate) with free prescription Ngo, a research fellow at the University of Sydney in Australia. While smoking is recognized as a risk factor for CVD, women are particularly dissuaded against it if they become pregnant. Uniphyl Cr (Theophylline) with free Rx In addition to the usual risks, smoking can expose babies to harmful chemicals while in the womb, hinder growth and increase the risk of preterm birth and certain postbirth health problems. Preterm birth is also known to increase the risk of CVD, with previous studies revealing that women with a history of preterm birth have a 1.2-4 times higher risk of CVD than women who have term babies. "Smoking and preterm birth are established risk factors for maternal CVD," states Dr. Buy Colospa with no Rx Ngo. About Ceclor CD (Cefaclor) with no Rx "Fertility treatment is pushing up rates of preterm birth and smoking in pregnant women remains high, so knowledge of the impact of these conditions on CVD is important for prevention efforts." To find out whether the two conditions would combine to increase the overall CVD risk faced by mothers, the researchers looked at the perinatal records of 902,008 mothers during 1994-2011 alongside records for any hospital admissions or deaths from CVD. The researchers discovered that the two conditions - smoking and preterm birth - were both independently and significantly associated with an increased risk of CVD. Buy Natural Whitening Toothpaste online Compared with nonsmokers who had term births, smoking mothers who gave birth preterm were 3.35 times more likely to develop CVD. "Smoking and preterm birth synergistically increase maternal cardiovascular disease risk," Dr. http://anti-infectives-opinion.blogspot.com Ngo reports. "When these two conditions coexist in the same individual, they interact to produce a joint effect on maternal CVD risk that is 29% greater than the sum of effects when they act alone." The impact of recurrent and severe preterms births The risk of CVD for smoking mothers increased in comparison with nonsmoking mothers with term births according to the severity of the preterm births. Extremely preterm births (20-33 weeks gestation) increased CVD risk 3.83 times and moderately preterm (34-36 weeks gestation) births increased CVD risk 3.18 times. Recurrent preterm births among smoking mothers also increased CVD risk. Smoking women with two or more preterm births were 4.47 times more likely to develop CVD, while smoking mothers with just one preterm birth were 3.2 times more likely - both in comparison with nonsmoking women with term births. Dr. Ngo suggests one explanation for their findings: "One explanation could be the stress of caring for a preterm infant which may lead to unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, which increases the likelihood of future preterm births. Stress itself causes metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis and ultimately CVD." Unfortunately, as the study only categorized mothers as having never or ever smoked, the researchers were unable to analyze the effects of smoking severity or whether the women smoked throughout their pregnancy or quit. Despite this limitation, Dr. Ngo believes the findings have implications for CVD prevention, suggesting that smoking women who are considering assisted reproduction technology should be counseled on their risk of preterm birth and future CVD. "Doctors should take into account the joint effects of smoking and preterm birth when assessing a woman s CVD risk," he concludes. "Doctors should also consider the need for preventive therapy to timely control for biological disorders preceding CVD such as hypertension and dyslipidemia when these occur." Recently, Medical News Today reported on a study revealing that drinking alcohol during pregnancy is a prevalent practice despite medical guidelines advising against it. In particular, the study found that smokers were 17% more likely to drink during pregnancy. Written by James McIntosh

Novel DNA repair mechanism could lead to new Alzheimer's treatments

Researchers have discovered a new mechanism with which DNA is repaired that could lead to further developments in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer s disease. In the new study, the authors outline a new mechanism of DNA reparation by which single strand breaks previously deemed inaccessible can be repaired. Their findings are published in the American Association for the Advancement of Science s online-only journal Science Advances. The DNA damage response - consisting of mechanisms of detection, signaling and repair - is crucial for the health of the body, as unrepaired damage to DNA can lead to cell death and the development of severe conditions such as Alzheimer s disease. In particular, single-strand breaks (SSBs) "can interfere with transcription, replication, and DNA repair; induce accumulation of double-stranded DNA breaks [and] increase genomic instability and apoptosis," the authors write. DNA is bound alongside proteins in complexes referred to as nucleosomes. About Antabuse (Disulfiram) with free prescription In nucleosomes, around 200 base pairs of DNA are wound around a core of histone proteins into two huge coiled loops. These coils are wound so tightly that molecules the length of around 2 meters can fit into microscopic cell nuclei. About Vytorin (Simvastatin Ezetimibe) with free prescription Lead researcher Vasily M. About Glucotrol (Glipizide) with free prescription Studitsky, a professor at Lomonov Moscow State University in Russia, explains that our entire genome is packed this way. However, due to the tight coiling, significant surfaces of the DNA are inaccessible - the surfaces interacting with the histones - and, as a result, certain SSBs are unrecognizable by the usual repair enzymes, known as PARP1. The discovery could herald new forms of drug treatment The researchers have discovered, however, that a special enzyme - the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) enzyme - can sense these SSBs by "riding" along the DNA coil. About Clopra without prescription Acting almost like a proofreader of a text, when the Pol II enzyme encounters an SSB, it triggers a number of reactions that lead to repair enzymes fixing the damaged area. "RNA polymerase can crawl along the DNA loops nearly as well as on histone-free DNA regions, but when it stops near locations of the DNA breaks, it panics, triggering the cascade of reactions to start DNA repairs, " Prof. Buy Cialis Pack-60 () with free Rx Studitsky explains. For the study, the researchers inserted SSBs into a model DNA system to observe how they would affect the progress of Pol II progressing along the coils. Buy MSM online They discovered that this enzyme only stopped upon encountering breaks in the DNA connected to the histones and not in histone-free DNA. "These observations raise the possibility that nucleosomal structure could affect the process of detection and repair of DNA damages," the authors write. Prior to the study, the researchers had thought that DNA repair was only possible in histone-free DNA, as reparation with the previously identified mechanism would require complete unwinding of the DNA coils to make the SSBs accessible. Prof. http://cardiobloodreview.wordpress.com Studitsky concludes that the discovery of a new method of DNA reparation promises new prospective methods of prevention and treatment of diseases: "We have shown that the formation of loops, which stop the polymerase, depends on its contacts with histones. If you make them more robust, it will increase the efficiency of the formation of loops and the probability of repair, which in turn will reduce the risk of disease. If these contacts are destabilized, then by using special methods of drug delivery you can program the death of the affected cells." Recently, Medical News Today reported on a study that discovered how a small molecule known for regulating gene expression plays a key role in progressing wounds through their healing stages. Written by James McIntosh

New hope for dengue vaccine

Worldwide, there are around 390 million cases of dengue a year - a potentially deadly mosquito-borne virus. Levitra Super Active (Vardenafil) with no prescription But according to a new study published in the journal Science, researchers have made a discovery that could lead to a vaccine and treatments for the condition. The researchers have discovered an antibody that prevented dengue infection in mouse models, bringing us closer to a vaccine for the virus. Study co-author Dr. Buy Anafranil (Clomipramine) with free Rx James Crowe Jr., of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, TN, and colleagues have uncovered a human antibody that prevented dengue in mouse models by stopping the virus from binding to target cells. "Scientists in the antibody discovery group of the Vanderbilt Vaccine Center continue to make great strides in developing novel antiviral drugs, such as this human antibody that not only kills dengue virus but also prevents enhanced dengue disease," says Dr. About Atarax (Hydroxyzine) without prescription Crowe Jr. Dengue is transmitted by a bite from a mosquito - most commonly the Aedes aegypti mosquito - that is infected with one of four dengue virus serotypes, known as DENV1-4. Symptoms of dengue include fever, severe headache, joint pain, muscle and bone pain, severe pain behind the eyes and mild bleeding - such as nose bleed. Buy Cilicaine with free prescription A more severe form of the virus is known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), characterized by prolonged fever, abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, bleeding and breathing problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 22,000 people worldwide die from dengue each year, the majority of whom are children. At present, there are no vaccines or specific medications for dengue. About Ditropan (Oxybutynin) Symptoms are usually treated with painkillers such as acetaminophen, and fluid replacement therapy may be effective if the virus is identified early enough. 2D22 antibody prevented dengue infection in mouse models Though researchers are working hard to find prevention and treatment strategies for dengue, they face challenges. Buy Liquid Vitamins online Dengue s four serotypes consist of different antigens, which means antibodies that are effective against one serotype may not be effective against others. Dr. http://allegra-opinion.blogspot.com Crowe and colleagues note that such antibodies can also "cross-react," leading to infection with a second serotype and raising the risk of DHF. In previous research, the team created human monoclonal antibodies (HMAbs) that could bind to the antigenic section of the "epitope," or viral envelope, of the DENV2 serotype. The epitope is the part of an antigen that is recognized by immune cells. For this latest study, the team used cryo-electron microscopy to freeze samples of the HMAbs, allowing them to see how the antibodies bind to the epitopes at an "atomic level." The researchers identified an HMAb called 2D22 that was able to bind to a variety of epitope proteins of the DENV2 serotype, and in mouse models, the antibody stopped the virus from fusing to its target cell, preventing infection. What is more, the researchers found the 2D22 antibody also prevented cross-reaction of other antibodies, which reduced the risk of infection with a second dengue serotype. Based on their findings, the team concludes that "the epitope defined by HMAb 2D22 is a potential target for vaccines and therapeutics." In December 2014, another study reported by Medical News Today showed promise for a dengue vaccine. Published in Nature Immunology, the study detailed the discovery of an antibody that can neutralize all four dengue serotypes. The researchers of that study - including investigators from the University of Melbourne in Australia - say their findings may open the door to a universal vaccine for the virus. Written by Honor Whiteman

How do antidepressants affect moral decision-making?

In a moral decision-making experiment, people given the antidepressant citalopram were found to be more likely to pay money to prevent harm both to themselves and others than control subjects who were given a placebo. In the experiment, the "deciders" had the power to pay money from their allocated amount to prevent either themselves or their "receiver" from being shocked. The researchers behind the new study, from University College London and Oxford University - both in the UK - tested to what extent people were willing to inflict pain on themselves or others in exchange for money. The neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine have been linked to aggressive and antisocial behavior in previous studies. Buy Cialis Black (Tadalafil + L-Arginine + Giseng + Vitamin B6 + Folic Acid) without prescription As several commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs work by enhancing levels of these neurotransmitters, the researchers compared how the effect on moral decision-making of a drug that enhances serotonin levels (citalopram) differed to that of a drug that enhances dopamine levels (the Parkinson s drug levodopa). For the study, the results of which are published in the journal Current Biology, the researchers recruited 175 healthy adults - 89 of which were randomized to receive citalopram or a placebo, while 86 received levodopa or a placebo. In the experiment, the participants were also randomly assigned a role of "decider" or "receiver." The deciders and receivers were anonymously paired - the deciders did not know who their receiver was and vice versa. At the start of the experiment, all participants were given "mildly painful" electric shocks that were matched to each participants pain threshold. The decisions made by the deciders related to shocks that they would receive themselves, as well as shocks that would be inflicted upon the receiver. Augmentin (Amoxicillin And Clavulanate) with free Rx The deciders and receivers were allocated to receive an equal number of shocks by the researchers, but the deciders had the power to pay money from their allocated amount to prevent either themselves or the receiver from being shocked. The deciders were placed into rooms on their own with a computer terminal. Sinemet Cr (Carbidopa / Levodopa) without Rx Over 170 trials, the deciders were offered different amounts of electric shocks costing various amounts of money, up to a maximum of 20 shocks and about $30 per trial. The deciders knew that any decisions they made would not be revealed to the receiver. Buy Cevalin without Rx As such, the deciders had the option of inflicting shocks upon the receivers without fear of judgement or retaliation. Levodopa group most likely to deliver shocks to others In this experiment, the participants who received placebos paid an average of 55 cents per shock to prevent harm to themselves and 69 cents per shock on average to prevent harm to others. However, participants who received citalopram were more considerate when it came to harm, showing willingness to pay an average of 94 cents per shock to avoid harming themselves and $1.14 per shock to prevent harming others. The authors say that over the course of the study, people on citalopram gave themselves 30 fewer shocks and 35 fewer shocks to other people compared with the placebo group. By contrast, the participants given levodopa were generally unwilling to pay any more to prevent shocks to others than to prevent shocks to themselves. About Eldepryl (Selegiline) with no prescription They would pay an average of 55 cents per shock to prevent themselves and others from being harmed. Buy Kudzu online On average, the levodopa group delivered 10 more shocks to others during the study than the control group. http://doctor-answers.blogspot.com/ The authors also report that the levodopa participants made decisions faster and were less hesitant to deliver shocks to receivers than participants who received a placebo. In a previous experiment, the same research team had found that people were more averse when it came to hurting others than they were when it came to harming themselves. This behavior - known as "hyper-altruism" - was also seen in this study, as the participants were mostly more willing to take the electric shocks themselves than inflict them on another participant for profit. "Our findings have implications for potential lines of treatment for antisocial behavior, as they help us to understand how serotonin and dopamine affect people s willingness to harm others for personal gain," says lead author Dr. Molly Crockett. "We have shown that commonly-prescribed psychiatric drugs influence moral decisions in healthy people, raising important ethical questions about the use of such drugs." However, Dr. Crockett cautions that these drugs may have different effects in psychiatric patients compared with healthy people. "More research is needed to determine whether these drugs affect moral decisions in people who take them for medical reasons," she concludes. Written by David McNamee

Rise in numbers of teenagers given antipsychotics

. Cardace without prescription Young adults and adolescents have been prescribed increasing amounts of antipsychotic medications, according to a study in JAMA Psychiatry. Age-related behavior was being targeted with drugs designed for psychotic conditions. Children aged 13-18 years were given more of the drugs between the years 2006 and 2010, but not children younger than 12 years. These prescriptions were for treatments licensed for mental conditions involving psychosis - but most office visits by the age group did not include one of these clinical diagnoses. Clinical trials support the efficacy of several antipsychotics for child and adolescent bipolar mania, adolescent schizophrenia and irritability associated with autism. Dr. Grifulvin V (Griseofulvin) with no Rx Vaniqa (Eflornithine) with no Rx Mark Olfson, of Columbia University, New York, and coauthors say: "Age and sex antipsychotic use patterns suggest that much of the antipsychotic treatment of children and younger adolescents targets age-limited behavioral problems." Youth are more susceptible than adults to the adverse effects of antipsychotics and the increasing off-label prescribing is "worrisome," says an editorial article accompanying the article in the same issue of the journal. Acute and long-term side effects include weight gain and lipid and glucose abnormalities, say Dr. Buy Hardcore Supplements online Buy Cipro (Ciprofloxacin) without prescription Christoph Correll of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, and Joseph Blader, PhD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. http://doctoranswers.wordpress.com About Elimite (Permethrin) with free Rx They conclude: "As a field we must accurately identify youth for whom antipsychotic treatment is truly necessary by first exhausting lower-risk interventions for youth without psychosis. Finally, when required, antipsychotic therapy should be as brief as possible and closely monitored." The authors of the study conclude: "In older teenagers and young adults, a developmental period of high risk for the onset of psychotic disorders, antipsychotic use increased between 2006 and 2010. "Clinical policy makers have opportunities to promote improved quality and safety of antipsychotic medication use in young people through expanded use of quality measures, physician education, telephone- and Internet-based child and adolescent psychiatry consultation models and improved access to alternative, evidence-based psychosocial treatments." Prescription data To reach their findings the researchers analyzed antipsychotic prescription data from a database representing nearly two thirds of retail pharmacies in the US. Nationwide in 2010, there were about: 270,000 antipsychotic prescriptions dispensed to younger children 2.1 million to older children 2.8 million to adolescents 1.8 million to young adults. The percentages of young people using antipsychotics in 2006 and 2010, respectively, were: For younger children between 1 and 6 - 0.14% down to 0.11% For older children between 7 and 12 - 0.85% down to 0.80% For adolescents between 13 and 18 - 1.10% up to 1.19% Young adults between 19 and 24 - 0.69% up to 0.84%. Among young people with claims for mental disorders in 2009 who were treated with antipsychotics, the most common diagnoses were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in younger children (52.5%), older children (60.1%) and adolescents (34.9%) and depression in young adults (34.5%). Written by Markus MacGill

Rise in numbers of teenagers given antipsychotics

. Cardace without prescription Young adults and adolescents have been prescribed increasing amounts of antipsychotic medications, according to a study in JAMA Psychiatry. Age-related behavior was being targeted with drugs designed for psychotic conditions. Children aged 13-18 years were given more of the drugs between the years 2006 and 2010, but not children younger than 12 years. These prescriptions were for treatments licensed for mental conditions involving psychosis - but most office visits by the age group did not include one of these clinical diagnoses. Clinical trials support the efficacy of several antipsychotics for child and adolescent bipolar mania, adolescent schizophrenia and irritability associated with autism. Dr. Grifulvin V (Griseofulvin) with no Rx Vaniqa (Eflornithine) with no Rx Mark Olfson, of Columbia University, New York, and coauthors say: "Age and sex antipsychotic use patterns suggest that much of the antipsychotic treatment of children and younger adolescents targets age-limited behavioral problems." Youth are more susceptible than adults to the adverse effects of antipsychotics and the increasing off-label prescribing is "worrisome," says an editorial article accompanying the article in the same issue of the journal. Acute and long-term side effects include weight gain and lipid and glucose abnormalities, say Dr. Buy Hardcore Supplements online Buy Cipro (Ciprofloxacin) without prescription Christoph Correll of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, and Joseph Blader, PhD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. http://doctoranswers.wordpress.com About Elimite (Permethrin) with free Rx They conclude: "As a field we must accurately identify youth for whom antipsychotic treatment is truly necessary by first exhausting lower-risk interventions for youth without psychosis. Finally, when required, antipsychotic therapy should be as brief as possible and closely monitored." The authors of the study conclude: "In older teenagers and young adults, a developmental period of high risk for the onset of psychotic disorders, antipsychotic use increased between 2006 and 2010. "Clinical policy makers have opportunities to promote improved quality and safety of antipsychotic medication use in young people through expanded use of quality measures, physician education, telephone- and Internet-based child and adolescent psychiatry consultation models and improved access to alternative, evidence-based psychosocial treatments." Prescription data To reach their findings the researchers analyzed antipsychotic prescription data from a database representing nearly two thirds of retail pharmacies in the US. Nationwide in 2010, there were about: 270,000 antipsychotic prescriptions dispensed to younger children 2.1 million to older children 2.8 million to adolescents 1.8 million to young adults. The percentages of young people using antipsychotics in 2006 and 2010, respectively, were: For younger children between 1 and 6 - 0.14% down to 0.11% For older children between 7 and 12 - 0.85% down to 0.80% For adolescents between 13 and 18 - 1.10% up to 1.19% Young adults between 19 and 24 - 0.69% up to 0.84%. Among young people with claims for mental disorders in 2009 who were treated with antipsychotics, the most common diagnoses were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in younger children (52.5%), older children (60.1%) and adolescents (34.9%) and depression in young adults (34.5%). Written by Markus MacGill

A new genetic form of obesity and type 2 diabetes has been discovered by researchers at Imperial College London in the UK. Sporanox (Itraconazole) with no prescription The researchers publish their findings in the journal PLOS ONE. The study authors argue that genetic tests should be made widely available for people who are obese, so that doctors can offer genetic advice to family members. Scientists are aware of over 30 adverse mutations among genes involved in regulating body weight that are associated with obesity, as well as several gene alterations that are known to cause type 2 diabetes. Diamox (Acetazolamide) Individuals with these genetic changes will inherit these conditions through their families. "There are now an increasing number of single-gene causes of obesity and diabetes known," says Prof. Buy Levitra Pack-30 () with free Rx Alex Blakemore, from the Department of Medicine at Imperial College London and leader of the new study. About Cadithro Prof. Kamagra Gold (Sildenafil Citrate) with free prescription Blakemore says that scientists do not know how many more of these genetic causes of obesity or diabetes remain to be discovered, or what proportion of severely obese people have them. "These are serious disorders that affect the body s ability to regulate hunger and fullness signals," Prof. Buy Germanium online Blakemore continues. http://webmdhelper.wordpress.com "They are inherited in just the same way as other genetic diseases and the sufferers should not be stigmatized for their condition. They should be offered genetic counseling and specialized lifelong support to allow them as healthy a life as possible." In the new study, Prof. Blakemore and colleagues sequenced the genome of a young woman described as "extremely obese" and her family members. The woman had severe weight problems from childhood as a result of increased appetite, as well as type 2 diabetes, learning difficulties and problems with her reproductive system. Analyzing the DNA sequencing, the team found that the woman had inherited two copies of a genetic mutation that prevented her body from making the protein carboxypeptidase-E (CPE). Several hormones and brain transmitters responsible for regulating appetite, insulin and hormones important in the reproductive system need CPE to function properly. Although studies in mice have found an association between CPE deficiency and obesity, diabetes and memory problems, this condition had not previously been found in humans. CPE deficiency only occurs when both parents have genetic alteration CPE deficiency is a recessive condition, which means that both parents would need to have the altered genetic sequence for their offspring to be affected. The parents of the woman in the study were cousins, which the researchers say gave the patient a higher likelihood of inheriting the same genetic change from both of her parents. An older brother of the patient had similar symptoms and died at the age of 21. First author of the study Dr. Suzanne Alsters says: "Finding a genetic cause for the patient s problems has helped her and her family to understand and manage her condition better. We can also look at members of her family with one abnormal copy of the gene, to see [if] they are affected in more subtle ways that could increase their risk of obesity." Prof. Blakemore argues that genetic tests should be made widely available for people who are severely obese, so that doctors can offer genetic advice to family members. "Diagnosis is very valuable to the patient," Prof. Blakemore concludes. "It helps to set realistic expectations, and can help them get the best possible treatment." Written by David McNamee